Financial Reporting Quality 2025 Level I CFA® Exam – FRA – Module 11
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Topic 3 – Financial Statement Analysis
Module 11– Financial Reporting Quality
LOS: Compare and contrast financial reporting quality with the quality of reported results (including quality of earnings, cash flow, and balance sheet items).
LOS: Describe a spectrum for assessing financial reporting quality.
LOS: Explain the difference between conservative and aggressive accounting.
LOS: Describe motivations that might cause management to issue financial reports that are not high quality.
LOS: Describe conditions that are conducive to issuing low-quality, or even fraudulent, financial reports.
LOS: Describe mechanisms that discipline financial reporting quality and the potential limitations of those mechanisms.
LOS: Describe presentation choices, including non-GAAP measures, that could be used to influence an analyst’s opinion.
LOS: Describe accounting methods (choices and estimates) that could be used to manage earnings, cash flow, and balance sheet items.
LOS: Describe accounting warning signs and methods for detecting manipulation of information in financial reports.
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