How does a woman's body produce milk?
Dandelion medical animation All rights reserved.
When a woman becomes pregnant, her body undergoes hormonal changes, primarily influenced by two hormones: estrogen and progesterone. These hormonal shifts prepare the breasts for milk production.
Shortly before childbirth, another hormone called prolactin, which is responsible for milk production, increases in the woman's body. After delivery, when the baby begins to suckle at the breast, it stimulates the nerves in the nipple and areola, sending signals to the brain.
Within the breasts, there are small clusters of glandular tissues called alveoli. These alveoli are responsible for producing milk. During pregnancy, under the influence of hormonal changes, these alveoli begin to multiply and enlarge. The mother's breasts got around 150,000 alveoli in each breast. This is many times more than the number of alveoli that a non-pregnant woman has. The extra alveoli help ensure the mother can produce enough milk to feed her baby.
Inside each alveolus, there are specialized cells called secretory cells or alveolar cells. These cells are the key players in milk production. They produce and secrete milk components such as proteins, fats, lactose, and immune factors.
In response to the baby's sucking and nipple stimulation, the hormone oxytocin is released from the pituitary gland in the brain. Oxytocin triggers the let-down reflex, also known as the milk ejection reflex. This reflex causes the muscles around the alveoli to contract, pushing the milk into the milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Breast milk production operates on a supply-and-demand basis. The more frequently and effectively the baby nurses, the more milk is produced. When the baby empties the breasts during feeding, it signals to the body to produce more milk to meet the baby's needs.
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