History of Programming Languages by Deepak (Hindi)

Опубликовано: 28 Декабрь 2024
на канале: Smart Programming

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History Of Programming Languages :-

1. First Generation Programming Languages :
Introduced in the 1940's.

Sometimes referred as Binary Language, Machine Language, Very Low Level Language,
Machine Code or Object Code.

It is a language made up of entirely 1s and 0s.

Programmers have to design their code by hand then transfer it to a computer by using
a punch card, punch tape or flicking switches.

It is the only language a computer is capable of understanding without using a
translation program.

Close to machines.

Modern day programmers still occasionally use machine level code, especially when
programming lower level functions of the system, such as drivers, interfaces with
firmware and hardware devices.

2. Second Generation Programming Languages :
Introduced in the 1950's.

Sometimes referred as Assembly Language or Low Level Language.

Programmes are in the form of Alphanumeric Symbols (or Mnemonic Codes) instead of 0’s and l’s.

These alphanumeric symbols can have maximum up to 5 letter combinations e.g. ADD for addition,
SUB for subtraction, START LABEL etc. because of this feature it is also known as
“Symbolic Programming Language”.

Close to machine.

Programmes are translated into machine language using Assemblers.

Not portable.
Used in kernels and hardware driver, but more often find use in extremely intensive
processing such as games, video editing, graphic manipulation/rendering.

Examples are :
RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computer)

x86 as that is what our embedded systems and desktop computers use.

3. Third Generation Of Programming Languages :
Introduced in the 1950's.

Purpose of developing High-Level Languages was to enable people to write programs easily,
in their own native language environment (English).

These are Symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather
than mnemonic codes.

Close to humans.

Compiler (which converts the language into machine code automatically) was developed

First compiled high level programming language : in 1952 for the Mark 1 computer at
the University of Manchester.

In 1954, FORTRAN was invented at IBM by John Backus.
It was the first widely used
high level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation.

1) Algebraic Formula-Type Processing :-
Examples include:

• BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

• FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

• PL/I (Programming Language, Version 1)

• ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)

• APL (A Programming Language)

2) Business Data Processing :-
Some examples include:

• COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

• RPG (Report Program Generator)

3) String and List Processing :-
Examples are:

• LISP (List Processing)

• Prolog (Program in Logic)

4) Programming Languages (Approx 50 types in wikipedia) :-
Examples are:

• C++

• Java

• Objective C or C#

5) Visual Programming Language :-
Examples are:

• Visual Basic

• Visual Java

• Visual C

4. Fourth Generation Programming Languages :
1970s through the 1990s.

Also known as Very High Level Language or Non-Procedural Language.

It is Application Specific.

Close to natural language.

Closer to the domain, Further from the machine.

Fourth generation languages need approximately one tenth the number of statements that
a high level languages needs to achieve the same results.

Non-computer professionals can develop software.

Examples are :
1. Query languages (SQL)

2. Report Programer Generators (RPG by IBM) : created for punched card machines.

3. Applications generators

4. MATLAB

5. Some minicomputer applications eg PowerBuilder, FOCUS, Infotrieve-4GL, Progress 4GL etc

5. Fifth Generation Programming Languages :
It is based on solving using constraints given to the program rahter than using an algorithm
written by a programmer.

Introduced around 1990's.

Very closely resembles human speech.

Examples are : Prolog, Mercury, OPS5, AI etc.

These languages are also designed to make the computer "smarter".

Mainly used in artificial intelligence research.

Natural languages already available for microcomputers include Clout, Q&A, and Savvy
Retriever (for use with databases) and HAL (Human Access Language).

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